Communicative Approach - 1566 Words

MY BEST APROCHE IN ENGLISH LANGUAJE TEACHING : THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROCHE I. Problems in the present English teaching and causes of these problems II. Introduce the communicative approach 1. The definition of communicative approach 2. Two principles of communicative approach †¢ Create a realistic situation †¢ The class should be students-centered III. Adopt communicative approach to improve students ability to listen and speak, and achieve the goal of English teaching 1. Three stages in communicative teaching 2. Communicative activities in class 3. Achieve the goal of English teaching through communicative approach IV. Conclusion ____________________________________________________________ _________ Abstract†¦show more content†¦The teacher provides the best conditions for learning through creating the realist situation. 2.2 The class should be students-centered The focus of classroom should be shifted from the teacher to students. The teacher does most the talking and always has the whole class under his strict control by lecturing, questioning, correcting students and often supplying correct answers to the exercises. In such a class, the teacher is obviously the most authoritative person. Students always act according to what the teacher wants them to accomplish put not what they themselves want to accomplish. So it appears that sometimes, even if the students have understood the text they are reading, they do not have the courage to speak out when called upon, for fear that they may not be right. The class should be learners-centered. Communicative approach makes learners to be themselves and requires the classroom instructor to play a secondary role, trying to keep focus on the students not on himself and encouraging students to communicate among themselves. The role and relationship between the teacher and students are fixed by the students-centered principle. It is to say that the students are the main part in communication, while the teacher helps the students to communicate. III. Adopt communicative approach to improve students ability to listen and speaking 1. Three stages of communicative teaching The teacher can divide the student’s learning intoShow MoreRelatedCommunicative Approach in English Teaching4686 Words   |  19 PagesCommunicative Approach in English Teaching Outline I. Problems in the present English teaching and causes of these problems II. Introduce the communicative approach    1. The definition of communicative approach   2. Two principles of communicative approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) Create a realistic situation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) The class should be students-centered III. Adopt communicative approach to improve students’ ability to listen and speak, and achieve the goal of English teaching   Ã‚   1. ThreeRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Approach1367 Words   |  6 Pagesis the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. Nowadays, in fact, Communicative Language Teaching is one of the most common teaching methods adopted by teachers of second and foreign languages all over the world. Its origin can be found in the late 1960s early 1970s in the British academic system, which was undergoing a serious of changes that reflected, none other than, the changes that were occurring in society. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of what Communicative LanguageRead MoreTHE USING OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH IN TEACHING SPEAKING3075 Words   |  13 PagesUSING OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH IN TEACHING SPEAKING Markus Dimu Radja ABSTRACT In teaching speaking teachers should know a).the concept of speaking, the element of the sound for instance phonemes because some of the students and including teachers still find difficulties in pronouncing them and b).models of learning and teaching and focused on CLT . Common to all version of Communicative Language Teaching is a theory of language teaching that stars from a communicative modelRead MoreIntroduction The South Korean Ministry of Education suggests a communicative approach to teaching2400 Words   |  10 PagesSouth Korean Ministry of Education suggests a communicative approach to teaching English (2008) in schools. In addition to this government directive I have decided to implement a workshop stressing and demonstrating its value. The workshop will also seek to compare and contrast the use of this approach with Grammar translation based approaches. Finally the workshop will seek to recognise problems with the implementation of the communicative approach and suggest recommendations. The workshop willRead MoreAdapting Communicative Language Teaching Approach to China’s Context2844 Words   |  12 PagesChina and then focusing on the CLT Method. By analyzing and contrasting these English teaching methods, the need to change current English teaching methods in China will be discovered. Finally, explaining the problems of adopting the more modern CLT Approach and giving sugg estions on how it may best be adapted to the Chinese context. 2. A Brief Introduction to English Teaching Methods in China 2.1 Grammar-Translation Method English has been taught in China for more than 100 years. In the beginningRead MoreA Communicative Approach to Language Teaching1512 Words   |  6 PagesCommunicative Approach to Language Teaching Objective The objective of this study is to examine the general context of the communicative approach in language teaching and describe the key features of a communicatively innovative approach with a focus on form and to describe in detail four central elements of an innovative and progressive approach to second language teaching. This work will additionally discuss the challenges found in relation to the application of these two elements. Introduction Read MoreEnglish As A Second Or Foreign Language Essay2126 Words   |  9 Pagesand vocabulary and being taught predominantly in the mother tongue and through textbook material and grammar exercises† (Zhang Mi, 2010, p. 383; as cited in Wei, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of my project is to use communicative language teaching and cooperative learning approach to enhance EFL learners’ oral proficiency through multimedia. In the literature review, the following three themes are explored: oral proficiency of English language learners, approaches and practices in language teachingRead More Habermas’ Between Facts and Norms: Legitimizing Power? Essay3384 Words   |  14 Pagesproduces communicative power. Communicative power, in turn, influences the process of social institutionalization. I will argue that the revised notion of power as a positive influence that is produced in communicative space runs contrary to Habermas’ original concept of power in his theory of communicative action where power is understood as a coercive force that has to be avoided in order for the discursive situation to prevail. As such, I believe that the introduction of communicative power andRead MoreThe Capstone Product ( Found As An Attachment1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthe best effects for ESL students (Italiano Rounds, p. 29, 1993). For the purposes of this project and the multiple levels of language proficiency, differentiated instruction would be used as the method of instruction. Simply put, this was an approach to reach all students with different learning styles, multiple intelligences, and abilities so that all students could absorb all information readily available to them. To clearly outline the areas of focus for this ESL curriculum, instructors neededRead MoreKey Features of AL and CLT Approach1363 Words   |  5 Pages1. Compare and contrast the key features of AL and CLT approach Audio-lingual approach Communicative teaching language approach Approach Nature of language -structural view -Language: a system of structural phonological, grammatical and lexical patterns to express the functional meanings -functional view -Language: a medium for social interaction and communication Nature of language learning Behaviorism – Habit formation via over-learning Learners’ engagement in authentic and meaningful

Of Mice and Men and the Great Depression - 1661 Words

The 1930s in American history was an interesting period that merges strife with everlasting hope. John Steinbecks literature takes a snapshot of this time with realistic circumstances appropriate for the time. Of Mice and Men reflects the Great Depression Era by presenting the storyline in the agricultural setting of 1930s California, describing the hardships of migrant field workers, and mentioning the dreams and goals of various characters. The United States felt the reverberating effects of their failing economy during the 1930s. The decade of the 1920s was a period of a newfound â€Å"freedom† in which urban populations discovered leisurely activities, women proved their power and equal rights with the emergence of flappers, and the†¦show more content†¦Curley feels a sense of authority simply by being the field boss’s son. However, he fears the workers that were larger and stronger than him. â€Å"Curley’s like a lot of little guys. He hates big gu ys†¦Kind of like he’s mad at ‘em because he ain’t a big guy† (Steinbeck 26). This explains the tension between Lennie and Curley that eventually swelled into a fight between them. Slim is an exception to the leading workers on the ranch; unlike the others, he is understanding and merciful, as in when he let Lennie carry his dog’s puppies and when his hands were shaking while Candy’s dog was put down by another worker. He has a good reputation among the workers because â€Å"Slim’s opinions were law† (Steinbeck 45). The respect he received and his easygoing nature allows George to befriend him at the end of the novel. (Hearle) (Shillinglaw) (Shindo) (Steinbeck) During the Great Depression, survival was mandatory in order to get through the hardships at the time. Because of the frequent movement between each job and the fact that migrant workers had no families or wives to care for, there was a lack of community and family wit hin each ranch. Therefore, the mentality of â€Å"every man for himself† was set in the mind of every migrant worker. George’s and Lennie’s companionship is looked as unusual by the other workers since most traveled alone, especially since Lennie and George are complete opposites both physically and mentally. When questioned why they travelShow MoreRelatedOf Mice And Men : The Era Of The Great Depression1516 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the movement of history gender roles of Men and Women have been extremely varied. From the standards, expectations, to the work or home place there was a difference. Women were looked at as less than a men , the intellectual individual. Being a male was the greatest things they could be and their masculinity was their greatest pride. In the 1930Â’s the era of the Great Depression took presence. The manÂ’s role in the depression was much more refined in this era. Most views of a man in theRead MoreA Comparison of Of Mice and Men and The Great Depression an Eyewitn697 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Of Mice and Men and The Great Depression An Eyewitness History The Great Depression is comparable to Lennie and Georges life. I would like to give a comparison of George Milton and Lennie Small to the Great Depression. The time that this story took place was during the Great Depression. John Steinbeck captured the reality of this most difficult time. During the Great Depression people needed to travel together to share chores and duties to make a living until somethingRead MoreThe Great Depression Isolation In Steinbecks Of Mice And Men1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression isolation â€Å" A guy needs somebody- to be near him.† He whined, â€Å" A guy goes nuts if he ain t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you† (Steinbeck 72). In the 1930s through the Great Depression, many people struggled to survive. They often became poor and fought with financial aid along with isolation. In the story â€Å"Of Mice And Men†, Steinbeck has many of the characters experience a form of isolation. Whether it is power, segregation, or discriminationRead MoreA comparison between The Great Depression and Of Mice and Men by Steinbeck622 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Depression is comparable to Lennie and George s life. I would like to give a comparison of George Milton and Lennie Small to the Great Depression. The time that this story took place was during the Great Depression. John Steinbeck captured the reality of this most difficult time. During the Great Depression people needed to travel together to share chores and duties to make a living until something better came along. That is the way George and Lennie traveled. They traveled togetherRead MoreOf Mice And Men : The Great Depression s Poverty Of Low Expectations1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream has devolved from Gatsby’s ostentatious lifestyle to the Great Depression’s poverty of low expectations. In Steinback’s novella, Of Mice and Men, the story is shaped by the intense friendship between these disparate characters, Lennie Small and George Milton, and their legitimate aspirations to achieve a dignified livelihood by owning land. Lennie and George lead strenuous, arduous lives. Lenny’s intentions are always pure, but it always ends in death. George’s entireRead MoreOf Mice and Men - Lifestyle of the Average Itinerant Worker in America During the Great Depression1852 Words   |  8 PagesDiverse Cultures - English Coursework What have you learnt about the of 1930’s, as depicted by Steinbeck in â€Å"Of Mice and Men?† The Great Depression was a worldwide economic breakdown. It was the largest and most important economic depression in modern history; it began in the United States on Black Tuesday with the Wall Street crash of October 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. It lasted about a decade, ending in the early 1940s. Poverty stricken, life became a struggle to survive. Banks,Read MoreViolence and Social Hierarchy in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men was a Mirror of Society During the Great Depression1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novella ‘Of Mice and Men’, Steinbeck presents the ranch in a ruthless and brutal way. He portrays a patriarchal society dominated only by white robust men. Steinbeck illustrates the different views and opinions of the social hierarchy in the ranch life. As well as Steinbeck displays the harsh and violent atmosphere where the newcomers are restricted and victimized by the other members of the ranch. Therefore Steinbeck creates a world in his perception where he characterizes the predicamentsRead MoreThe American Dream in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck710 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals have desired for countless years. Although it has evolved during the past couple of years, many individuals still strive to achieve it. Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men illustrates this American Dream of the 1930’s, which is looked upon as impossible through the failure of George and Lennie’s achievement. â€Å"The story Of Mice and Men and the American Dream is known to be somewhat different; it can define the independence and self-sufficiency for an individual and also the freedom that one personRead MoreOf Mice and Men Argumentative Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesSteinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, has a controversial history. It has been repeatedly banned by school boards. Why might this book have been banned? Is such an action justified? In a five-paragraph essay, take a position for or against banning this novel. Use your three body paragraphs to develop each of three reasons for or against banning the novel. The Lost Portion of Human Society Right from the beginning of human civilization, books had become the vital flame that ignited many great achievementsRead MoreEssay about The ranch in Of Mice and Men is a very hostile environment.1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe ranch in Of Mice and Men is a very hostile environment. The ranch in ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a very hostile environment. What do we learn about life during the Great Depression from John Steinbeck’s novel? In this essay I aim to describe how life was like on a ranch during the great depression in John Steinbeck’s novel ‘Of Mice and Men’. Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. This is where the book is set, in the Salinas valley. The books exact location is in

The United States of America, 1919 †1941 †Sources Question Free Essays

(a) (i) President Hoover thought that the causes of the Depression of the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29 weren’t because of the USA lending money to Germany, or because of the Daweà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s Plan, or any other reason that might blame the USA. He thought that all the other countries had the fault or were to be blamed because of the Depression of the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29. I think that he thought that way because as he was President from the USA, he was obviously going to defend his country and say that his country had been a victim of all the other countries and problems of other parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The United States of America, 1919 – 1941 – Sources Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now (ii) In source B, the historian who wrote that thinks almost completely different than President Hoover. You can clearly notice the different opinions, as in source B, it says that the Wall Street Crash was the main cause of the economic Depression of 1929, the historian seems to be sure about it. And in source A, Hoover says that, as I have already mentioned before, the USA had absolutely no fault at all of the Depression. Because of these reasons, I can compare both sources and get to the conclusion that the historian of source B did not agree at all with the opinions expressed in source A. (iii) In my opinion, source B is much more reliable and trustworthy, because the historian who wrote that did it in 1984, and it had been a long time since the war finished, and he could analyze all the sources and evidence together. I think that is easier to analyze everything in â€Å"cold†, rather than in â€Å"hot†. I mean that is better to do it after it had happened, than meanwhile it is happening. Also, one thing that is very important is that the historian was, probably, more objective that the President. Because Hoover had so much pressure that he couldn’t say that the USA had the fault of the Depression even though he thought that it really did. So, I think that source B is more useful than the other as evidence of the causes of the Depression. (b) (i) One reason why agriculture did not share in the 1920sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ boom was because of the loss of the European market. During the war America had shipped millions of tons of grain to Europe. Europe ha become the main market for American farm exports. But the First World War had so bankrupted Europe that few Europeans could afford to buy American farm produce any longer. Also, the tariff barriers put up by the Republicans to protect American industries made Europe poorer still so it could not afford American produce. Another reason is that American farmers were also struggling against competition from the highly efficient Canadian wheat producers. All of this came at a time when the population of the USA was actually falling and there were fewer mouths to feed. (ii) The Wall Street Crash began as a stock market and financial crisis, especially with the crisis of the New York stock exchange. In October 1929 the Wall Street stock market crashed, the American economy collapsed, and the USA entered a long depression which destroyed much of the prosperity of the 1920sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The depression passed from finance to industry and from USA to the whole world. Export of American capital came to an end. (iii) The Wall Street Crash lead to a collapse of the US economy because Americans, with their incomes low, couldn’t buy foreign goods. People couldn’t collect the money they were owed or the money they thought they had in the bank. People could not buy so factories could not sell. Unemployment grew rapidly: skills of older people grew rusty and young people had no opportunity to learn. This made the people feel discouraged and frustrated, so they turned to new and disturbing political ideas. Optimists, including Hoover, thought that the depression was only a low point in the business cycle, and that â€Å"Prosperity was just around the corner†. But others believed that the depression meant the breakdown of the whole system of capitalism. (iv) Hoover was regarded as a â€Å"do nothing† President. He tried to encourage the US export trade although without much success. Even more damaging to Hoover’s reputation, was how little he tried to help those who were suffering because of the Depression. He believed that social security was not the responsibility of the Government. Hoover appeared to be heartless and indifferent to the suffering of the American people. There could not be a greater contrast to Hoover than his opponent, the Democrat candidate, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who believed strongly in â€Å"active government† trying to improve the lives of ordinary people; had plans to spend public money on getting people back to work. As Governor of New York he had already started doing this on his own state. He was not afraid to ask on advice on important issues from a wide range of experts such as factory, union leaders or economists. How to cite The United States of America, 1919 – 1941 – Sources Question, Papers

Microsoft the company Essay Example For Students

Microsoft the company Essay Microsoft: THE COMPANYThe thought of forming a company which supplies its customers with software, was a great ideaespecially coming from a college dropout. Bill Gates, along with high-school friend Paul Allen, formed a software company in 1975. From the beginning, Microsoft had a tremendous potential to become a very successful corporation. Beginning with a revenue of sixteen thousand dollars, and three employees, Microsoft developed into a huge money making machine.In its twenty-five years of existence, Microsoft has developed a very powerful and dominating corporationbut is not necessarily considered a monopoly. William Henry Gates III was born in Seattle, Washington on October 28, 1955. Gates father was a lawyer, and his mother was a teacher (Cusumano and Selby 23). Much of Gates programming started while he was a thirteen year old, from Lakeside School (tripod 1). He learned BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction) programming with, then sophomore, Paul Allen. By 1973, Gates was a student at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Allen had enrolled at the University of Washington, where he studied computer science. Gates left Harvard after just two years of education, and planed on programming for many personal computers. He and Allen later founded the Microsoft company a name which Gates had picked in 1975 (Cusumano and Selby 24). When Microsoft started out, there were only three employeesGates and Allen included. The gross revenue totaled sixteen thousand dollars. By 1978, Gates and Allen had employed eleven other people, but the revenue had jumped to 1.3 million dollars. The growth rate was quite steady until 1982-1983. This was when Microsoft had grown 104%. By 1995, Microsofts revenue was 5.9 billion dollars, and they employed 17,800 people (Cusumano and Selby 3). In December of 1996, Gates owned 282,217,980 shares in Microsoft, which ultimately helped him become the richest man in the world (geocities 2). Gates may have been the richest man in the world, but he had more important things to worry about at the time. Beginning in 1990, Microsoft had been under investigation by the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) for antitrust crimes. The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits any form of monopolizing tactics, which is now thought to be used be Microsoft (Case 1). In fact, the Sherman Antitrust Act states that it is only prohibited for a company to control the supply and demand of products, in order to increase the prices of their own goods. In other words, lowering the supply of a product, intentionally, is the only illegality stated in the Sherman Antitrust Act. Doing so, would result in an increase in demand, thus an increase in price (Monopoly 9). Antitrust laws kick in when significant competition does not exist in amarket (Bob Lewis- InfoWorld 1)As Lewis is stating, Microsoft is at no fault if there is no competition for its products. Microsoft could not prove they were not at fault though. So on July 29,1998, a judge ordered Microsoft to hand over the blueprints for Windows 95 to Caldera, a company against Microsoft in antitrust violations. The judge believes this would help competition in the unfair computer market (lawsuit 1). The market is heavily controlled by Microsoft, but the customers are theones who choose the company to begin with. Microsoft is also doing much more research than many of its competitors. In 1997, Microsoft spent a hefty three billion dollars on research (monopoly 1). Also, by 1997, Microsoft employed over nineteen thousand employees (Cusumano and Selby 3).It is estimated that 90% of PCs (personal computers) have, or once had, Microsoft Windows installed on it (monopoly 1). There are many alternatives to Microsofts Windows. Such systems include: Suns Solaris, Caldera, BSDI, Digitals Unix, BeOS, Apples Rhapsody, and IBMs OS/2. Microsofts Windows 95, MacOS, and IBMs OS/2 are all around the same price (monopoly 2-4). .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f , .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .postImageUrl , .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f , .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f:hover , .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f:visited , .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f:active { border:0!important; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f:active , .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51e9b90b9c7322950a84021b279a0d6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Subcultures: Sociology and Chicago School Sample EssayAs far as the money goes, Microsoft is making a lot of it. Microsofts profits in 1998, which neared four billion dollars, exceeded 40% of the profits from the ten largest software companies (Cusumano and Selby iv). Beginning with BASIC, moving into one of Microsofts most popular programs MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), and going through many steps before getting to Windows, Microsoft has totally dominated the computer industry. Every product Microsoft comes out with has been a success, primarily due to the amount of money in research the company puts in. Microsoft has just been trying to make the most efficient products for the consumer, and it has succeeded in that. Approximately 140 million people access MS-DOS everyday on their computerswhile 70 million access Windows (Cusumano and Selby 1). In 1987, Windows was designed for the new Intel microprocessor, which was made along with Compaq (Cusumano and Selby 152). When a company joins with two other companies in producing a product, and splitting the profit, the question of monopolizing an industry should be eliminated. A monopoly is present when there is only one company controlling a certain product, along with the price of that pr oduct. With Microsoft, there are several companies trying to compete, but none succeed. Handing over blueprints to a company, to promote competition, is absolutely ridiculous. Microsoft has succeeded in producing the best computer products for the past twenty-five years, and will probably continue to do the outstanding work for the years to come.

Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people Essay Example

Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people Essay Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people By loup Positive relationships are important with children and young people because I need to establish trust with them so that we can work together day. If I dont have that positive relationship with the children then they wont trust me enough to talk to me or listen to me. It takes time for relationships to be built, they dont Just develop. In order to uild these relationships I would get down to the same level as the children and talk to them and play with them and slowly encourage them to Join in with me in the various activities we are doing, should it be drawing a picture or building blocks etc. I would give the children lots of approval, reassurance and encouragement while working with them in order to give them more confidence in letting me Join in with their play and to aid them opening up to me more. I would also show the children I work with respect and courtesy so that they in turn can show the same to me. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I would ensure I communicate clearly with the children so that they understand what I expect of them and in turn I would ensure that I listen to them to what they have to say as I feel that trust and positive relationships cannot be built of I am unable to listen to their needs and wants. To carry this out effectively I need to get down to the childs level and let them talk to me without rushing them or trying to guess what they are going to say and I would also try and keep a childs confidence if it is appropriate to do so.

Nicaragua Essays - Nicaraguans, Nicaragua, Managua, Free Essays

Nicaragua Essays - Nicaraguans, Nicaragua, Managua, Free Essays Nicaragua Have you ever wanted to go to a place during our winter season that is warm or hot most of the year? Well, most people choose Florida, or California. But, why not go out of the country this winter and try the largest country of Central America, Nicaragua. I did lots of research on Nicaragua, and I hope you learn as much as I did. To begin my report, I will give you some brief history. The first inhabitants of Nicaragua were the Nicaro Indians. This way of life was blended with Spanish settlers when they first came. The name of this tribe was from a great Indian chief, whose name was also Nicaro. This chief was so famous that the country of Nicaragua was also gotten from his name. Next, I will tell you about the land of Nicaragua. It is located in Central America, and is the largest country there. It is on the continent of North America. Nicaragua is 50,193 square miles (130,000 square kilometers). Honduras borders Nicaragua in the north, and it is bordered by Costa Rica on the south. There are two oceans that border Nicaragua. On the east, there is the Carribean Sea and on the west is the Pacific Ocean. Nicaragua has many different types of land forms. There are mostly volcanoes, some active, behind the coastal plains and along the Pacific border. The active volcanoes cause some danger to the coastal cities, but there haven't been any serious accidents. The largest volcano in Nicaragua, the Santiago Volcano, lies south of Nicaragua's capital city. Lots of steam rises from the little holes that surround the volcanoes. East of these volcanic regions are the Central Highlands. This part of Nicaragua is rainy and has some evergreen and deciduous forests dotted around. The forest's floors are flat, not hilly like some other regions. Very few people live in this forest-like place. There are also some lakes in Nicaragua. One lake, Lake Nicaragua, is the largest one in Nicaragua and Central America. The other lake is Lake Managua. Both of the lakes are joined by the Tipatapa River. The Carribean coast is called Mosquito, or Miskito after the small Indian group who lived there. Most Nicaragu ans live there. Although most people live in the Mosquito area, the majority of Nicaraguans say that Matagalpa is the nicest and coolest place to live. Some say that this suburban region is so nice because the sun always shines, but it is less humid than the other Nicaraguan cities and towns. The hottest place in Nicaragua is in the East. It is always hot and wet, but is perfect for growing bananas. There are many rainy places in Nicaragua, and as a result, most of Nicaragua has tropical rainforests. The rainforests are homes to many types of insects and animals. There are many, but I will only name a few. Mammals such as monkeys, alligators, and snakes are the main wildlife. There are billions and billions of (no typing error, just exaggeration) insects from A' to Z', such as red ants, mosquitoes, and even a striped house fly called the zebra fly! The wild fowl, such as parrots, toucans, macaws, humming birds, and vultures fly through the air. Fur-bearing creatures like the coyote and grey and red fox, roam the evergreen forests and are even sometimes kept as pets. The least likely place you'd find any animals is the small desert area in the west. This is the driest part of Nicaragua. This place even has a dry winter and hot summer season, and the summer season is hotter of the two. As I said before, the most rain falls in the East. The average was about 100-300 inches a year. Almost all the rain that falls to make up the 100-300 average falls in the east. Now I will get away from the land (finally) and tell you some things about the people of Nicaragua. The main ethnic group in Nicaragua is the mixture of European and Indian decent, or Mestizoes. 5% are of American Indian decent, and 17% are European. 99% of the population's skin color is black. The main religion was Christianity, beginning in the early 1500's when the Spanish

Family sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Family sociology - Essay Example Sociological theories and concepts help in providing a concrete base for this understanding of the role of family life in society. Moreover, analyzing different aspects of family life using different perspectives of sociological themes and concepts help in better understanding of the concept of family ideology and its structural changes in the current society. Even though contemporary society has seen many social changes in the aspect of family ideologies and its contributions to the society, it still occupies a central role in the lives of individuals. Thus, studying the role of family from the sociological perspective can provide an insight about how a family functions within a society, and helps influencing the lives of the individuals in promoting socialization, economic contribution and cooperation. According to Anthony Giddins (2006), family is defined as a group of persons who are linked directly through blood relationships or marriage, with the adult members assuming responsibility for children and family care. By this definition, family is regarded as a social institution and also the central unit of socialization, which shares values and commitments towards one another. Of all the social institutions, marriage plays a fundamental and vital role in creating a society. Marriage is bound to have preceded society; and made it possible by binding together. It is considered to be the basis of social order and improvement, along with providing the chief support of law, morality, and religion. (Booth, Crouter and Landale 2002, p.48). The extended family was a most common family structure; however, it started to decline because of many social and economic factors. Typically, in the 1940s and 1950s, a traditional family structure comprised of a man and woman along with their one or more offspring, and was widespread in the society as an

Contemporary China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary China - Assignment Example Imperialist culture along with partially feudal culture has created a ‘reactionary cultural’ coalition against China's latest culture. This sort of ‘reactionary culture’ serves the imperialists along with the feudal class and should be removed. Unless it is eliminated, no fresh culture of any sort can be developed (Gamer, 2008). Chinese culture has slowly modified from the materialization of a capitalist economy within China; it is no longer a completely feudal but a partially feudal society, even though the feudal economy still prevails. The political powers of the bourgeoisie, the minor bourgeoisie, as well as the working class are the existing political forces, which have emerged and developed concurrently with this current capitalist economy. With no capitalist economy, with no bourgeoisie, the minor bourgeoisie, as well as the working class and without the political powers of these classes, the new culture could not have materialized.

A Key Concept in Information Systems Term Paper

A Key Concept in Information Systems - Term Paper Example Information technology is also a fundamental component of information systems. Technologies such as the internet, artificial intelligence among others are critical in helping humans to perform activities and tasks that are difficult and tiring for humans such as handling huge volumes of data and information, accurately controlling simultaneous processes and performing complex calculations (Stair & Reynolds, 2011). Over the past decade, information systems have become an integral part of any organization or business. It plays a fundamental role in determining the daily operations and sustainability of the business or organization in the future. Consequently, it has become a critical aspect of information systems management to identify critical issues that affect the operation and use of information systems (Peltier, 2013). The several concerns include personal, legal, ethical and organizational issues that result from the use of information systems. The development of this concept was mainly occasioned by the increased compromise of confidentiality, integrity, completeness and accuracy of data and information that is stored in the information systems. Activities such as e-mails, malware, freeware and shareware, phishing, piracy, hacking among other threats are some of the common issues affecting the information systems all over the world. Consequently, a key concept in information systems is e nsuring privacy, confidentiality, accuracy and completeness through information system security (Peltier, 2013). Information systems are used in major government agencies, public institutions such as health facilities and also in the private sector for different purposes. With the increasing threats to information systems from external and internal sources, these organizations must ensure availability or reliable information security plans that address personal users of the systems, the

Market structures in the Agriculture industry

Market structures in the Agriculture industry There are many types of market structure which are perfect competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. The market structure of Agriculture is perfect competition and sometimes referred to as pure competition. Agriculture firm is a perfect competition because it market structure characterized by a large number of firms so each of the firm in perfect competition produces an insignificant percentage of total market output and thus that no single firm can influence or control over the ruling market price. Â   (Geoff Riley, 2006) Besides, the agriculture product is said to be standardized or homogenous. Its means that, agriculture product is a product where buyer cannot differentiate in terms of quality, packaging or labeling. Therefore, in agriculture market customers dont care which specific firm they buy from because it is absolutely identical. Therefore, the firms cannot charge different prices for the same product in the market. (AmosWEB Encyclonomic) Besides that, There are freedom of entry and exist from the market in perfect competition. This type of market is feasible in the long run and no firm will dominate the market and evict other firm. (Geoff Riley, 2006) Furthermore, each firms product supplied to the markets that are prefect substitutes for the product of others firms, so the demand for each firms product is perfectly elastic. Therefore, the firms in the perfect competition have no power to set the price they have to sell the product at the going market price. This type of firm are said to be price takers. (AmosWEB Encyclonomic) As a price taker, individual firms in perfect competition will sell their product at the equilibrium price. This can be shown in both figure 1a and figure 1b. Market Firm Price Price S P* P D Quantity Quantity Figure 1a Figure 1b At the equilibrium price, the quantity demand and quantity supply of the market is balance. The equilibrium price can be shown in figure 1a, where the supply and demand curve intersects with each others. The equilibrium price is at P*. At any price below P*, the market shortage of the product would exist. At this price the quantity demand is higher than quantity supply therefore it will causes excess demand in this product. Due to the product shortage, the buyer would bid among themselves for the limited supply and price would rise to eliminate the shortage. (Grey Parry and Steven Kemp, 2000). Conversely, if the price is above the P*, the market surplus of the product would exist. Therefore, it will cause excess supply in this product. Sellers will want to eliminate the surplus by lowering prices. That is because, when the price falls, the quantity of demand would rise to eliminate the shortage. (Grey Parry and Steven Kemp, 2000). When either supply or demand changes, the equilibrium price will change. As shown in figure 2a below, the increase of food demands from D1 to D2 cause the both price (P1 to P2)and quantity sold(Q1 to Q2) to increase. At the old equilibrium price of P1, quantity demanded will now greater than the quantity supplied. Therefore, the excess demand will result the quantity supply movement along the supply curve to a higher equilibrium price where the quantity of demand and supply is once again in balance. A decrease in demand for food would have the opposite effect, the equilibrium price will decrease and the quantity also will decrease. (Grey Parry and Steven Kemp, 2000) Food Price D2 S P2 D1 P1 Q1 Q2 Quantity Figure 2a A change in demand will result in number of factors which are: Bio-fuel production increase Furthermore, the diversion of food for making bio-fuels has lead to increased demand for bio-fuel raw material, such as wheat, soy, maize and so on. Therefore, the increasing in biofuel production causing less food available for human consumption and the price of food crops were increase dramatically. The most clearly example are the use of corn in the United States for the production of biofuels. In the about 25 to 30% of corn output in the US is used for ethanol biofuels. (CNET News, 2008 )Biofuels have forced global food prices up by 75 per cent and these prices are higher than the previously estimated, a study by the recent report of World Bank (Sumanjeet Singh, 2009) As shown in figure 2b below, when the supply of food increase from S1 to S2, the food price will fall from P1 to P2 and the quantity demand will be movement along the demand curve to a new equilibrium price where the supply curve intersects with demand curve. Finally the new equilibrium price and quantity will P2 and Q2 . Food Price D S1 P1 S2 P2 Q1 Q2 Quantity Figure 2b A change in supply will result in number of factors which are: Natural disaster First and foremost, that cannot denied that the natural disaster bring a seriously influence on the food production. The worst drought happened in Russia last year damaged a largely number of wheat crop and cause the Russian government to cease grain export for the year. Seriously flooding in Australia also damages wheat crops and causes some of the crops were downgraded for use only as animal food. Consequently, the wheat crops were faced shortage in the past year and cause the price of grain food has risen sharply. (Dr. Grary Peters, 2011) Negative climate changes Beside that, the word agriculture suppliers were significantly decreased due to the global warming. Therefore, in the global warming period will result in additional price increase for the most important agricultural crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and soya beans. According to the International Food Policy Research Institute showed in December, it states that the global warming will increase the price of corn, wheat and rice by at least two-thirds by 2050. (Bloomberg, 2011) Beside that, according to the Integrated Regional Information Networks, IRIN, it state that within the next four decades maize prices could rise by up to 131 percent due to the global temperature and some of the African farmer might have to give up agriculture if the weather are getting hotter. (IRIN News, 2010)

Social Class In The Us And Britain Essay examples -- American History

Social Class in the US and Britain Although the United States was a British Colony in the early 1700s, the differences between the two were definitely noticeable, especially in the socioeconomic fields, mostly due to the fact that slavery played a much larger role in the United States. At least from the moment in 1620 when the Mayflower anchored off Cape Cod, there has been an American Dream. Though hard to define, it usually entails the concept of freedom, justice and equality. Despite variations in the content of the dream there is one constant, the American Dream is a dream of the future and as such implies the idea of progress, change and equality. Our dreams may differ from those of the men who wrote the Mayflower Compact because they expressed a dream more by implication than by statement, yet the men who subscribed to it clearly felt that they were engaged in an effort to establish a better order of society than their fathers had known. In the US, Colonial Society was composed of several social classes. These in turn determined political rights, legal rights, personal attire, and many other trivial aspects of society. (1727: Colonial America) For example, in church and in college, people were seated according to their social status. The differences among the social classes were very noticeable, and birth and pedigree counted for more than they do today. (Population and Social Rank) The ruling class consisted of the gentry, whose definition varied from North to South. Generally, they owned farms or plantations and were merchants, doctors, lawyers, or ministers. (1727: Colonial America) In the North, this also included clergymen, college professors, and great landowners in New York. In the South, the gentry were u... ...r on triangular trade and made the concept familiar with US citizens. In a way, the British almost used the US as a way of testing if slavery would work, but in the end gave their colony too much power and wealth, leading to the Independence. Works Cited Deary, Terry. The Gorgeous Georgians. London, England: Scholastic Children's Books, 1998. Gordon, Edward J.. American Literature. 4th Edition. Boston, MA: Ginn & Co. Publishers, 1975. Several Authors. "1727: Colonial America." 2001-2007. 16 Apr 2008 . Sommerville, J.P.. "Social Structure." University of Wisconsin-Madison History Department. 20 Apr 2008 . Whitten, Chris. "Population and Social Rank." History of the USA. 2001-2007. 09 Apr 2008 . Social Class In The Us And Britain Essay examples -- American History Social Class in the US and Britain Although the United States was a British Colony in the early 1700s, the differences between the two were definitely noticeable, especially in the socioeconomic fields, mostly due to the fact that slavery played a much larger role in the United States. At least from the moment in 1620 when the Mayflower anchored off Cape Cod, there has been an American Dream. Though hard to define, it usually entails the concept of freedom, justice and equality. Despite variations in the content of the dream there is one constant, the American Dream is a dream of the future and as such implies the idea of progress, change and equality. Our dreams may differ from those of the men who wrote the Mayflower Compact because they expressed a dream more by implication than by statement, yet the men who subscribed to it clearly felt that they were engaged in an effort to establish a better order of society than their fathers had known. In the US, Colonial Society was composed of several social classes. These in turn determined political rights, legal rights, personal attire, and many other trivial aspects of society. (1727: Colonial America) For example, in church and in college, people were seated according to their social status. The differences among the social classes were very noticeable, and birth and pedigree counted for more than they do today. (Population and Social Rank) The ruling class consisted of the gentry, whose definition varied from North to South. Generally, they owned farms or plantations and were merchants, doctors, lawyers, or ministers. (1727: Colonial America) In the North, this also included clergymen, college professors, and great landowners in New York. In the South, the gentry were u... ...r on triangular trade and made the concept familiar with US citizens. In a way, the British almost used the US as a way of testing if slavery would work, but in the end gave their colony too much power and wealth, leading to the Independence. Works Cited Deary, Terry. The Gorgeous Georgians. London, England: Scholastic Children's Books, 1998. Gordon, Edward J.. American Literature. 4th Edition. Boston, MA: Ginn & Co. Publishers, 1975. Several Authors. "1727: Colonial America." 2001-2007. 16 Apr 2008 . Sommerville, J.P.. "Social Structure." University of Wisconsin-Madison History Department. 20 Apr 2008 . Whitten, Chris. "Population and Social Rank." History of the USA. 2001-2007. 09 Apr 2008 .

Importance of Personal Responsibility

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary personal means relating to the person or body and responsibility means the quality or state of being responsible such as a moral, legal, or mental accountability. Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy, said that, â€Å"responsibility meant that we all have the ability to personally respond – â€Å"response-ability†. Perls also referred responsibility to the ability to move, feel, live, and change you. So, to my understanding, personal responsibility is one’s ability to care for what has been entrusted to them.It is when an individual accepts the outcome of whatever actions or decisions he/or she makes, instead of blaming other people for what did not turn out right. Personal Responsibility is important to me because it is something that I am supposed to have as a child of the Most High God. In this essay, it is my goal to define what personal responsibility is and what it means to me, explain the relationship betw een personal responsibility and college success, and give an example of how I plan to practice personal responsibility in my education. Personal Responsibility in everyday life.What do you think of when you hear these words? For me it means putting God first in all that I do and trusting Him to keep all of His promises to me. Scripture tells us that it we are to accept personal responsibility for ourselves (Galatians. 6:5) and our own actions (2 Corinthians 5:10), for widows and orphans, (James 1:27) for our relatives (1 Timothy 5:8), and for those in need (Deuteronomy 15: 7-11). I have learned to accept personal responsibility more so when I am wrong than when I am right. Why? Because it teaches me and others how to become mature.When we accept our personal responsibilities, it takes the load off of others. Now, there are some who would argue with me saying that it is not their responsibility to take care the widows, orphans, those in need. All I have to say to those individuals is whose responsibility will it be when you are down and out? Social Security? Unemployment? Department of Health and Human Resources? Once again I will refer to scripture by saying that we are all helpers of one another (1 Thessalonians 5:11). When we graduate from High School and attend college,it is our personal responsibility to purchase our books and supplies, show up for class, take notes, study, and make good grades. No one else can do this for us. Oddly enough, this is a time when most of learn that we are on our own. Instead of a â€Å"teacher†, we have an â€Å"instructor†. My wife was once told by a college professor that he was an instructor, not a teacher. He was there to give the assignment and grade it. The students were supposed to have already learned most everything prior to that particular college course, therefore it would be their personal responsibility to be on time for class, take notes, and turn in their assignments.In our careers our personal re sponsibilities may come with a little more authority. We become responsible for employers, employees, clients, and/or customers. Making sure that everyone is well taken care of and provided for becomes our number one priority. It does not matter what field of work one goes into, we are always going to have to deal with others, putting them before ourselves. Once again I refer to scripture when it talks about â€Å"esteeming others more highly than ourselves† (Philippians 2:3). Failing to accept one’s responsibilities here could result in losing their job.The relationship between personal responsibility and college success and closely related. In order to be successful in college, one must be willing to accept responsibility for every action they take and thought they make. College is not easy and therefore will take a lot of hard work, effort, the ability to handle diverse situations, and maturity. I believe that it should be mandatory for juniors and seniors in high s chool to take at least one college course before graduation in preparation for college. This would give them a taste of the level of personal responsibility they have ahead of them.It has been my experience that the older or more mature the college student, the more apt he/she is to accept the personal responsibilities that come with college. With all of this being said, it is my plan to practice personal responsibility in my education by helping others who are new to online classes, making sure that my assignments are complete and turned in on time, showing courtesy and respect to my classmates and my teammates, and asking questions when I do not understand something. Some people would not view asking questions as a personal responsibility, but it is. It is our responsibility to ask for ourselves and for others.If we do not ask and our work is incomplete, we have no one to blame but ourselves. This is what I believe the instructors are here for, to instruct us into the right direct ion with the right information. I hope that the points I have made about the importance of personal responsibility in everyday life, college, and our careers was both interesting and able help others see things a little different than before. For myself, I have learned even more about the importance of not only taking care of myself but also for those around me. This to me is what personal responsibility is all about.

British Sovereignty&Europe essays

British Sovereignty&Europe essays How has British Sovereignty been compromised by membership of the European Union? The word sovereignty itself means the legitimate location of power of last resort over any community. It may be defined purely in legal terms as the power to make binding laws which no other body can break. It may be viewed as the autonomous power of a community to govern itself, a territorial concept relating to the powers of independent nation states. A.V. Dicey defined British Parliamentary Sovereignty in 1885 as Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatsoever, and that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having the right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. This has often stood out as the linchpin of the British Constitution and Hood Philips, a twentieth century constitutional lawyer called it the one fundamental rule of the British Constitution Parliamentary sovereignty was effectively negated in 1973 when Britain joined the European Union which has injected a whole new judicial dimension into the constitution of Britain. This meant that the British parliament lost legal and legislative sovereignty both de jure and de facto (both in theory and practise) in areas where European law took precedence. The loss of sovereignty seems to have increased since 1973 with the growing scope of European intervention and with the reforms of the voting procedures. One of the key reforms was the change from unanimous voting in the Council of Ministers so any one country could veto any policy, to Qualified Majority Voting, under the Single European Act 1986. For example, in 1993 Britain was over ruled on the principle of a 48-hour working week. Britain held a national referendum on continuing membership of the then EC in 1975. This was merely advisory technically and so in theory Parliaments sovereignty was not affected. Parliament could not ignore the results and so Parliaments ...

How to Exchange Data Over a Network Using Delphi

How to Exchange Data Over a Network Using Delphi Of all the components that  Delphi provides to support applications that exchange data over a network (internet, intranet, and local), two of the most common are  TServerSocket and TClientSocket, both of which are designed to support read and write functions over a TCP/IP connection. Winsock and Delphi Socket Components Windows Sockets (Winsock) provides an open interface for network programming under the Windows operating system. It offers a set of functions, data structures, and related parameters required to access the network services of any protocol stacks. Winsock acts as a link between network applications and underlying protocol stacks. Delphi socket components (wrappers for the Winsock) streamline the creation of applications that communicate with other systems using TCP/IP and related protocols. With sockets, you can read and write over connections to other machines without worrying about the details of the underlying networking software. The internet palette on the Delphi components toolbar hosts the TServerSocket and TClientSocket components as well as TcpClient, TcpServer,  and TUdpSocket. To start a socket connection using a socket component, you must specify a host and a port. In general, host specifies an alias for the IP address of the server system; port specifies the ID number that identifies the server socket connection. A Simple One-Way Program to Send Text To build a simple example using the socket components provided by Delphi, create two forms- one for the server and one for the client computer. The idea is to enable the clients to send some textual data to the server. To start, open Delphi twice, creating one project for the server application and one for the client. Server Side: On a form, insert one TServerSocket component and one TMemo component. In the OnCreate event for the form, add the next code: procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);begin ServerSocket1.Port : 23; ServerSocket1.Active : True;end; The OnClose event should contain: procedure TForm1.FormClose(Sender: TObject; var Action: TCloseAction);begin ServerSocket1.Active : false;end; Client Side: For the client application, add a TClientSocket, TEdit, and TButton component to a form. Insert the following code for the client: procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);begin ClientSocket1.Port : 23; //local TCP/IP address of the server ClientSocket1.Host : 192.168.167.12; ClientSocket1.Active : true;end;procedure TForm1.FormClose(Sender: TObject; var Action: TCloseAction);begin ClientSocket1.Active : false;end;procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);beginif ClientSocket1.Active then ClientSocket1.Socket.SendText(Edit1.Text);end; The code pretty much describes itself: when a client clicks a button, the text specified inside the Edit1 component will be sent to the server with specified port and host address. Back to the Server: The final touch in this sample is to provide a function for the server to see the data the client is sending. The event we are interested in is OnClientRead- it occurs when the server socket should read information from a client socket. procedure TForm1.ServerSocket1ClientRead(Sender: TObject; Socket: TCustomWinSocket);begin Memo1.Lines.Add(Socket.ReceiveText);end; When  more than one client sends data to the server, youll need a little more to code: procedure TForm1.ServerSocket1ClientRead(Sender: TObject; Socket: TCustomWinSocket);var i:integer; sRec : string;beginfor i : 0 to ServerSocket1.Socket.ActiveConnections-1 dobeginwith ServerSocket1.Socket.Connections[i] dobegin sRec : ReceiveText; if sRecr thenbegin Memo1.Lines.Add(RemoteAddress sends :) ; Memo1.Lines.Add(sRecr); end; end; end;end; When the server reads information from a client socket, it adds that text to the Memo component; both the text and the client RemoteAddress are added, so youll know which client sent the information. In more sophisticated implementations, aliases for known IP addresses can serve as a substitute. For a more complex project that uses these components, explore the Delphi Demos Internet Chat project. Its a simple network chat application that uses one form (project) for both the server and the client.

Pros and Cons of Teacher Websites Research Paper - 1

Pros and Cons of Teacher Websites - Research Paper Example Classroom websites have been recognized for their simple yet valuable contribution to the educational world, but not without a fair share of negative points. Either way, the users of this tool should evaluate whether these flaws outweigh the contribution that it makes to learning. The main function of a classroom website is to serve as an additional and convenient method for the teachers to share information with their students. From this, spring the many advantages of having a classroom website. The fact that it is a technology-based tool, however, has certain disadvantages. One large advantage of this is that teachers can always leave notes as reminders for the student on this website. The notes can be pertaining to any important matter discussed in class, which the teacher does not want the students to forget. This especially includes things like homework, announcements, and class rules. A student who cannot recall the homework assigned for a subject can simply log on to the website to see the reminder that the teacher left for the students. This however, requires the teacher to update the website after every single lesson (Greenspan, 2002). This can be a time-consuming activity, especially for teachers who have multiple classes to manage. Apart from this, the teacher may also use this website to make announcements and share news. This includes announcements such as informing the class of an upcoming fieldtrip or the cancellation of a class. The need for such announcements usually arises after class stands dismisses. Thus, if the teacher posts such announcements online, this saves the teacher the trouble of having to inform the students through other, lengthier means, and it also ensures that the news is displayed.

Article Reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Reviews - Essay Example d) Follow up questions that probe managers’ moral reasoning by focusing upon key organizational values. Managers often face moral and ethical conflicts in workplace; however, little experimental research has sought to identify with the reasoning analysis managers use to determine these conflicts. A better insight of a manager’s moral analysis could lead to a greater awareness of the influences upon managerial decision making when faced with ethical dilemma like the organization culture and individual values, greater predictability of organizational and managerial principled behavior and the construction of organizational guides and incentives to aid managers towards moral action (Weber, 300). One of major obstacles towards a better perception of managers’ logic lies in the lack of available and suitable methods to assess manager’s decision making process when faced with moral or ethical dilemmas. The result of this study includes a model for developing and reviewing the moral content of corporations. With its help, corporations’ principles can be improved, defined and measured. An annual ethics report can provide the stakeholders with insight into the formal and factual efforts of the organization, the consequences of its actions and the specific hurdles faced by these corporations in implementing their business agenda. Nonetheless, because of the huge tasks which corporations put up with, the internal delegation of responsibilities, the increasing sophistication of business operations, and authority; the vulnerability to unethical conduct increases as a result. Carroll, Archie B. The Pyramid of Corporate Social responsibility: Towards the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Business Horizons (July-August). 1991). pp 39-48. Several companies have come up with internal policies relating to the moral behavior of workforce since most of these simple and more in depth policies are contained in corporate ethics codes. They are predestined to make out the company's future expectations of employees and to offer direction on executing some of the regular ethical problems that arise in the process of doing business; therefore, it is believed that by putting such a policy in place, it will lead to better ethical consistency in application, avoidance of ethical disasters and awareness. Increasing number of organizations requires staff to attend workshops and seminars regarding business activities that frequently include the company's legal requirements, specific case studies, and policies (Carroll 43). Some companies require their staffs to sign agreements indicating that they will stand by the company's rules of conduct. Some companies believe that corporate ethics codes are primarily entrenched in useful concerns, and are primarily to limit the company's legal burden. The company will keep away from a lawsuit because its workers will follow the rules; nonetheless, should it happen, the company can as sert that the crisis would not have arisen if the staff had followed the corporate codes of ethics accurately. Corporate codes of Ethics are essential not only in business environment but also in all areas of life because it forms an important part of the basis on which cultured society is founded. A society or business that lacks moral principles is bound to fail. Porter, Michael and Mark, Kramer. â€Å"Creation Shared Value: How to Reinvent Capitalism and Unleash a Wave of innovation and Growth†

Importance of Language Diversity on Multinational Organisations Term Paper

Importance of Language Diversity on Multinational Organisations - Term Paper Example If we flip back to the pages of our history, the very idea of a single language has not proved to be so beneficial. For example, there was a time when Latin was enforced as a common language. But due to the various kinds of people living in Europe, a variety of languages sprang out of this one language and provided us with the different cultures that we look upon today. (Orban, 2008)  In order for the European economy to run smoothly, it is mandatory to recognize the various lingual problems faced by the multinational firms. These types of companies operate on a worldwide basis involving a constant exchange of goods and manpower among their subsidiaries. Due to the number of countries included, various languages are functional in this business. Hence, language problems arise, and the big challenge is to remove these linguistic and communication problems without causing any harm to the largely depended upon the socio-economic infrastructure of the firm. (LINEE, n.d)  A very fine e xample that demonstrates the causes and consequences of linguistic problems is the multinational operations held by the military. Cultural diversity in a military army can have both positive and negative impacts on a mission. The effectiveness of a mission can be reduced by a lack of proper communication due to the use of a variety of languages and inability to communicate in a single language. Lack of the required level of coordination along with the lingual limits on the exchange of information is also a result of language diversity, leading to a weakening of the task. For example, the multinational mission at the Kabul International Airport (KAIA), although it was successful, had to face problems due to lingual differences. For instance, people were forced to receive medical help outside the Headquarters, as the Spanish medics had no command on English.   Culture refers to the ways information is exchanged in a particular group in order to conceive the desired meaning among the people. These ways include solid goods and non-verbal language. Cultures may be divided at a national level, religious level, racial level, gender level, etc., and their goal is to express themselves as superior to the others. (Diversity RX, 2003)  Language is actually one of the most important components that define a culture. The other factors include the way of dressing, greeting, eating, etc. hence, if members of a group unanimously agree to change the whole system of their culture, the language goes with it. To demonstrate this, let us take the example of a group of rich teenagers belonging to Pakistan. This group includes children from different areas of the country, speaking a variety of languages. Through media, they are deeply influenced by western culture causing them to eat, greet, dress, and even talk like the westerners. So down the sewers goes lingual diversity.

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay Example for Free

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay Socialization can be referred to as the process by where adults and children learn from each other. It is often said that socialization begins at home and this is true because it is the responsibility of the family to teach children from a very early age the norms and values of society. It is the process by which they learn right from wrong. Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps of their parents, teachers or older siblings. Socialization never really stops because all through life, people learn new things and they are never knowledgeable enough to know everything. During this process of socialization children develop a sense of self and become their own person. They become unique and have a distinct personality. Individuals develop their potential and learn culture through this process of socialization. Humans are unlike any other species and they need to learn things and how to survive. It is important for humans to learn their culture for it is a part of who they are. We learn by internalizing which is the process when people take norms values beliefs and language as their own and accept them as their own. Importance of socialization Socialization is important for many reasons: It helps a person become who they really are. It provides the basics for a person to learn about their culture and their way of behavior. Socialization helps people discover their talents and they find out that they are really good at something and they enjoy that. Through socialization children can develop as a person and acquire normal social graces. Children need to feel cared for and loved so when parents take time out for their children and teach them values and norms this helps them to develop properly. Learn ways on how to think talk and actions that are important for social living Is a way by which the society can pass culture along to the next generation We achieve harmony and are able to it into society We develop skills and learn not to always act on instinct It avoids isolation and improper development of children It allows us to develop our potential to develop or maximize skills We develop proper learning Agents of socialization The family is a major agent of socialization. It gives individuals their first experience, earliest and deepest experience to relationships and their exposure to the way of life. The family also teaches their own about the social and physical environment and teaches them to follow it. Children learn from the type of environment that elders create. The family also gives children a social place when it comes to religion race or culture. This makes up the child’s self-concept. The family are the ones responsible to teach children manners, respect and obedience. They cannot allow their children to go to school without teaching them how to talk to older people with respect or how to obey when told to do something. The school also plays a role in the socialization of children. The school is a port way for children to learn about their ancestors and to teach them of the way people behaved in the older times compared to the way they behave now. They learn how society is connected to race and gender. The school is their first experience to bureaucracy. This means that the school prepares them for the future because it runs on a time schedule and is governed by rules. This is helpful because it prepares them for when they get a job. It is also proven that schools mold children into gender roles. School also open opportunities or children to join peer groups in which they meet people with similar interests or talents. The mass media is also an agent of socialization. The mass media provides a vast amount of information to a huge audience at the same time. It is proven to have a great impact on the behavior and attitude of children. The media is also a port way for people to learn about different cultures and to meet people of different race and ethnicity. The media can inspire people to achieve access and to follow their dreams. Children will view successful people on the television and aspire to be like them. This is a good thing because children will have ambition. Theories on socialization George Herbert Mead: He developed a theory on social behaviorism. It explained how a person’s personality can be affected by social experience. He saw the power that environment had when it came to shaping behavior. He studied inward thinking. His main concept was self. He described this as the part of a person’s personality composed of self- awareness and self- image. He considered that self only develops when people interact with others. He said that humans care what others think of them and that is what they think of themselves as well. Lawrence Kohlberg: He studied how people distinguish between right and wrong. At an early age for children, they think that whatever feel good to them is right. Another aspect of his is that teenagers in the adolescent stage lose their selfishness and learn to act according to what parents tell them and by the rules of their school. He also said that individuals learn not to argue with what is legal or right. Jean Piaget: he studied human cognition. This refers to how people think. He wondered how children made sense of the world. He described the way children made their way through life based on what they thought of it. Piaget believed that biological maturation and increasing social experience was reflected by human behavior. He stated four stages of cognitive development which included sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Sigmund Freud: He studied mental disorder and personality. He believed that biology played a major role in the way people develop. He said that the human personality had three parts which include: The id which represents the innate human drives, this would be the human life and death instincts, the ego which refers to the internalized cultural values and norms and the ego which he considered resolved the competition between the restraints of the superego and the demands of the id. . Family Basic Concepts Family is a group of people who are closely related to each other by blood, adaption or marriage. The family is considered the basic unit of society. A family is considered to be the people who will always be there for you, no matter the situation you are involved in. Whenever in need of something the first place you run to is home. You are confident that there you can be safe and that there will be the people you can depend on. The family is the group of people who play a significant role in an individual’s life. Bonds within a family are considered kinship. Within every society there are families, however the views of people and whom they consider to be their family may vary depending on historical changes and culture. Family of orientation refers to when individuals are born into a family that includes parents and siblings living together. This plays an important role in socialization. A family of procreation is when adults decide to start their own family either naturally or through adaption. Marriage is an important aspect when considering starting a family. Marriage is a legal union between two people who commit to each other and this involves economic cooperation, sexual activity and childbearing. Children born out of marriage are considered to be illegitimate. Global Variations Types of families: Extended family: Is a family that includes more than three generations living in the same household. Everyone is connected by blood. Nuclear family: A family that includes a mother, father and their children living under the same roof. Sibling household: This is a family that an older brother or sister is the one in charge of the rest of children. They are required to be the parents and take care of the younger ones. Reconstituted family: This is a family type formed by the combination of two single- parent families. Single- parent family: Is a family type that involves one parent taking care of the household. Marriage patterns This refers to the way in which individuals are required to marry: Endogamy: This refers to marriage between people of the same social category. This limits marriage prospects to other people of the same gender, social class or race. Exogamy: This is when people of different social class get married. This type of marriage promotes cultural diffusion and builds alliances. Monogamy: This is marriage between two people. Polygamy: This is a type of marriage that unites two or more people. Polygyny: This refers to marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry: This refers to marriage of one woman to two or more men. Residential Patterns This talks about where a couple resides after being married: Patrilocality: This pattern refers to when the married couple lives with or close to the husband’s parents or family. Matrilocality: This is when the married couple lives close by or with the wife’s family. Neolocality: This refers to when the married couple live in a new place away from any side of their families. Patterns of Decent This refers to a system families used to trace their kinship over generations. Patrilineal descent: This is when individuals trace their kinship through men. This is when sons are the ones who inherit or get property passed on to them by their fathers. Matrilineal descent: This is a system used to trace kinship through women. This is when mothers pass on property or inheritance to their daughters. Bilateral Descent: in order to promote gender equality, this system traces kinship through both men and women. Theoretical Analysis of the Family Functions of the family Structural and functional analysis: Socialization: The teaching of right from wrong to children. Regulation of sexual activity: Every culture tries to regulate sexual activity in order to maintain property rights and kinship organization. Social Placement: Families try to maintain social organization in order to confer their social identity. Material, emotional and financial security: Families provide financial assistance, physical protection and emotional support. Inequality and the family: Social- Conflict analysis Property and Inheritance: Identifying heirs in order to transmit property. Patriarchy: This is how men own women as their sexual and economic property. Racial and ethnic inequality: Families promote people marry others like themselves. Stages of Family Life This is the way how a family evolves. Courtship: Is when partners get to know each other and see if they are compatible. Settling in: This involves romantic love where partners fall in love with each other and usually plan to marry or not. Child rearing: This is the raising of children on the right path showing them love and kindness. The family in later life: This is when people stay married but for the final years of their marriage they return to living with only one spouse. Transitions and problems in family They are many things that break up the family: Divorce is the dissolution of a marriage. Causes: Individualism is on the rise: This is when family members stop spending as much time with each other. Romantic love often subsides: When sexual passion fades this is when relationships fade. Women are now less dependent on men: Women leave unhappy marriages because wives are now not financially dependent on husbands. Many of today’s marriages are stressful: Most families face the problem of not having enough time or energy for family. Divorce is socially acceptable: Divorce is no longer being discouraged. Legally, a divorce is easier to get: Now divorces are easy to get as long as the couple says the marriage has fail. References Macionis John J., Sociology- (13th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009

Should Forgiveness Be Conditional Philosophy Essay

Should Forgiveness Be Conditional Philosophy Essay The concept of forgiveness has been a central concern to individuals and communities throughout history. Present in theological ideas, the concept of forgiveness is widespread and has greatly influenced our moral attitudes towards one another and how we react when we have been offended . The standard definition in the Oxford English Dictionary for forgiveness states  ¿Ã‚ ½may be forgiven, pardonable, excusable ¿Ã‚ ½ (Hughes, 2010). However, by merely pardoning or excusing the offender, without them taking accountability for their action, can dismiss the moral significance and psychological emotions of the victim. I shall argue, with reference to Charles Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s book Forgiveness: A Philosophical Exploration, that the process of forgiveness is restorative. Forgiving has the ability to reunite a relationship disrupted by someone ¿Ã‚ ½s wrongdoing as well as aid in letting go ones negative feelings and hostility towards the offender. I will explore Bishop Butlers understanding of forgiveness, which is incompatible with my view of forgiveness. Thus I shall argue that forgiveness is only possible when conditional on repentance. I shall propose Professor Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s conditions which need to be fulfilled in order for forgiveness to be completely satisfied, whilst providing a counterexample in support of those who forgive unconditionally. Ultimately, I will conclude in support of conditional forgiveness as I would have demonstrated how unconditional forgiveness can understate the moral significance of the victim as well as the moral importance of the action. Bishop Joseph Butler understands forgiveness as the  ¿Ã‚ ½forswearing of resentment ¿Ã‚ ½ (Murphy, 1988, p.1). He treats resentment as indignation due to a moral wrong to oneself. According to Butler, forgiveness is compatible with some degree of continuous rage towards the wrongdoer for their action. Therefore, forswearing resentment does  ¿Ã‚ ½not require giving up every negative feeling associated with the injurious event ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold,2007,p.41) He argues instead, moderated resentment is necessary as it helps us to recognize the level of injury caused to us whilst also serving as a suitable response towards the wrongdoer for their action. For Butler, resentment is not inconsistent with goodwill and  ¿Ã‚ ½we may therefore love our enemy ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.36) despite their actions towards us. Thus it seems Bishop Butler does not require the offender to meet conditions to gain the victims forgiveness,  ¿Ã‚ ½Because we are in need of forgiveness, consistency de mands that we be forgiving of others. ¿Ã‚ ½(Griswold, 2007, p.36). However, claiming to have forgiven your wrongdoer whilst holding a proportionate amount of resentment towards them seems counter-intuitive. I feel that in order to fully forgive someone, resentment has to be overcome in order to rid any hostility, moral hatred, and negative feelings towards the offender. Forgiveness benefits the wrongdoers as well as the victim, helping them to alleviate guilt and blame, thereby helping them to move forward in their lives and not reoffend. If resentment is consistent with goodwill, as Butler argues it is, the process is compromised and forgiveness for neither persons cannot be achieved. Instead, the injurer should make a conscious effort to ensure forgiveness is fulfilled, which requires attempting to abolish any resentment the victim bears towards them. If not, the victim has to accept they have been wronged and begin to deal with the pain of their injury, psychologically and physically, without the satisfaction of knowing their offender has repente d for their action. Bishop Butler thus understates the importance of forgiveness as a process the victim must go through to overcome their resentment and psychological hostility. Forgiveness should require modifying and changing ones moral judgements about the offender, through a process which makes them deserving of the victim ¿Ã‚ ½s compassion. Without this process the emotional complexity of forgiveness is lost. Unlike Butler, Charles Griswold argues that forgiveness aims to relinquish resentment whilst ensuring the offender is held accountable. He believes that although forgiveness is generally good and admirable there are circumstances which prohibit giving forgiveness to the offender, especially when the offender is unrepentant of their sins. For Griswold, forgiveness is not meant as a  ¿Ã‚ ½therapeutic program ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.54) instead the conditions he outlines are  ¿Ã‚ ½conditions of a moral nature ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold,2007, p.54) meant to alter ones moral judgments of a person, and help to improve the victims view of the wrongdoer. Once these conditions have been met the offender is entitled to forgiveness from the victim (Griswold, 2007, p.47) On this view, forgiveness cannot be seen as a  ¿Ã‚ ½gift to the offender ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.67) which is given freely without having met certain criteria which repudiates ones wrong doing. Forgiveness is therefore condit ional on repentance otherwise it  ¿Ã‚ ½would collapse into forgetting, or excusing, or rationalisation. ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.46). Professor Griswold believes  ¿Ã‚ ½forgiveness requires reciprocity between injurer and injured ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p. xvi) which can be achieved through satisfying the six conditions he outlines.  ¿Ã‚ ½Firstly, it is important that the wrongdoer takes responsibility for their action, Secondly, ensure they repudiate the deed, Third, regret their action, Fourth, commit to being a better person, Fifth, show understanding from the injured person ¿Ã‚ ½s perspective, and lastly, offer a narrative of why they are worthy of the victims forgiveness by showing they are committed to changing their ways ,as well as committing to fully letting go of resentment ¿Ã‚ ½. (Griswold, 2007, pp.48 52) These conditions, when fulfilled, will reunite mutual respect and acknowledgment between the wrongdoer and aid in the return to the  ¿Ã‚ ½minimal state of civility before the injury was done ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griwold, 2007, p.49). However, Griswold argues forgiveness is only possible if the offender has become morally changed through meeting these conditions (Griswold, 2007, p.49). Conditional forgiveness is necessary as forgiving the offender without requiring anything from them conveys to them, and the rest of the public, they are not responsible for their action. If the offender is unrepentant of their sins, they have not been morally changed, and for that reason we would not know if the offender would recommit their wrongdoing in the future. Unconditional forgiveness denies all requirements for the offender to take responsibility for their action or try to repudiate their wrongdoing. Therefore I feel it downplays the moral significance of the event as it fails to endorse the extent of the offender ¿Ã‚ ½s moral wrongdoings. It also allows the offender to dismiss the harm to the victim which denies them respect for the wrongdoing against them. If the offender takes responsibility for their action and commi ts to becoming a better person, then they become worthy of the victims forgiveness. In agreement with Griswold, I feel forgiveness should only be given once the offender repents for their sins. Without doing so, it  ¿Ã‚ ½adds insult to the injury so far as the victim is concerned ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.49). In fulfilling the conditions of forgiveness, the offender comes to understand and accept what morality requires of him. If he does not, the wrongdoer may never understand the moral significance of the act, pretending the injustice upon the victim does not carry any importance. . The conditions Professor Griswold outlines aim to show that forgiveness should not be freely given as a gift. The conditions are important because a wrong should not be disregarded, and if forgiveness is unconditional, the offender carries no moral weight for their action. Overcoming resentment and being able to forgive the offender may end psychological discomfort the victim longed for, only achievable through the repentance of the offender. Katie Hutchinson from Victoria Island Canada finally found peace after her husband ¿Ã‚ ½s killer confessed to the murder 4 years later and apologised to her. Only then was she able to forgive him and begin her healing process which finally allowed her to let go of the moral hatred which grew inside her. Similarly, it allowed her husband ¿Ã‚ ½s killer to understand the extent of his crime as he had the opportunity to directly relate to his victims hurt and anger. Forgiveness was conditional on his apology and confession which due to this, bot h parties psychologically benefitted. Forgiveness said nothing less about her feelings towards her husband, or how profound his murder was, it  ¿Ã‚ ½became an opportunity to create a new and hopeful beginning ¿Ã‚ ½ (Hutchinson, 2011). The murderer was not let off the moral hook and the moral significance of the action remained a crucial feature in their lives. As the offender did not demand forgiveness or had been given it freely as a gift, the victims self-respect was maintained, which like Griswold, I feel is lost in unconditional forgiveness. On this account of forgiveness, the moral significance of the action was not downplayed, and the self respect of the victim was maintained. The offender takes responsibility for their actions but also begins to amend the harm caused. Giving up resentment through a process in which the perpetrator satisfy ¿Ã‚ ½s conditions seems a necessary requirement in achieving forgiveness as an end, especially if the offender is alive and willing to repent. Thus conditional forgiveness avoids the main objections which apply to unconditional forgiveness. But, what happens with the offender is deceased or unrepentant? Should forgiveness still be conditional? Professor Griswold argues that  ¿Ã‚ ½if the forgiveness is unconditional, the intrinsically interpersonal character of forgiveness is lost ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.64). I accept this assertion on the grounds that as there is no face to face interaction in the process, the victim may not gain full satisfaction from forgiving unconditionally. Yet Griswold allows forgiveness to be granted to the deceased without having carried out his six conditions. Forgiveness is possible if you are able to plausibly construct a scenario of what that person would do if you were to meet in the circumstances where they were repentant for their wrongdoing. Constructing a narrative on the reasons for forgiving the offender and why they deserve forgiveness may involve  ¿Ã‚ ½gathering data ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.120) of why that person acted as they had done or indicate issues in the offenders past which caused or influenced them to commit this offence. Once understood, the victim can come to feel respected and let go of any resentment they may have towards the offender (Griswold, 2007, p.121). Once the victim sees the forgiver in a new light, forgiveness can truly be fulfilled. Forgiveness, in this case, may be  ¿Ã‚ ½lacking or imperfect relative to the paradigm, ¿Ã‚ ½(Griswold, 2007, p. xvi) however, this does not rule out the central role forgiveness plays in letting go the negative feelings and resentment one may hold against the offender. On the contrary, there are several non-paradigmatic cases in which unconditional forgiveness is essential in the natural process of psychological recovery. A counter- example to Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s conditional forgiveness can be demonstrated through the unconditional forgiveness given by the Pennsylvanian community. On May 16th 2007, 32 students were shot dead by a former student whilst many others were severely wounded on the campus of Virginia Tech University, USA. Before committing suicide, the former Virginia tech student had sent a manifesto to NBC news which stated that he believed his injurious and merciless act was benefitting the community in some way. Shortly after the shooting ended, the hurt was felt universally. A candle lighting memorial ceremony was conducted and thousands of people flocked together in support of those who were killed. Shockingly, amongst the tears and sorrow, banners were held by parents and students stating  ¿Ã‚ ½we forgive you ¿Ã‚ ½. Surely this forgiveness would deny the self respect and moral dignity of the victims? I argue against Griswold, demonstrating that there are circumstances which unconditional forgiveness does not collapse into condemnation. Although not always desirable, it is possible to forgive someone whilst continuing to pronounce indignation towards the offender, especially if this gives them psychological tranquillity through doing so. The Pennsylvanian community should not be regarded as weak or mentally deficient for forgiving the killer, instead they should be appraised and admired for their love and ability to forgive in such difficult circumstances. Although Griswold suggests  ¿Ã‚ ½to forgive someone undeserving of the honour, under the banner of a  ¿Ã‚ ½gift, ¿Ã‚ ½ may condone the wrong-doer, and even provide encouragement to more offenses ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.63) he fails to consider those who do not condone their actions and will continue to voice their anger towards such cr imes against humanity. Forgiving unconditionally may be a difficult thing to do, but letting go of psychological hatred whilst fighting for justice is possible. Unconditional forgiveness  ¿Ã‚ ½is compatible with outright condemnation of the wrongdoing and a determination to fight against it, and thus with maintaining self-respect ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.6) If the wrongdoing is not overlooked, and the full extent of the crime is widely understood and not downplayed, I feel no reason to contest against the satisfaction the injured party gains through forgiving unconditionally. It is a personal option, experienced by only the person giving it. Thus Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument is unsound. He cannot dictate to those who forgive unconditionally their forgiveness is flawed, as he does not know or understand their reasoning for forgiving. Whether someone  ¿Ã‚ ½deserves ¿Ã‚ ½ forgiveness is completely subjective and questionable. He makes a generalisation which is not n ecessarily true. If forgiving unconditionally allows the victim to overcome resentment and their negative emotions, then so be it. Forgiving the offender can sometimes only be possible if the forgiveness is given without requirements. In the previous example the killer thought he was doing good, so carrying out Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s six conditions in which a scenario with the killer is imagined, would in this case, lead to further anger, resentment and moral hatred, instead of abolishing these negative emotions. Unconditional forgiveness is needed for the same reasons Professor Griswold gives for reciprocal forgiveness. Without unconditional forgiveness how would we re-establish trust in man-kind, ensuring we do not lose hope or happiness for the future after such tragic losses? There are positive reasons for forgiving even the unrepentant. Vengefulness and moral hatred are minimised whilst a sense of human solidarity increases. Gerrard and McNaughton strongly endorse this view of unconditional forgiveness, arguing that as we are members of the same species, in a  ¿Ã‚ ½shared human community, like a shared membership of a family, provides reason alone for forgiveness ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.10). They defend their view by arguing that if we are to produce a sense of commonality, we have to realise that sometimes circumstances are difficult, and if  ¿Ã‚ ½circumstances would have been less favourableI might have become the kind of person who acted in this way ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.11) Monstrous as the perpetrators may be, they still share the same characteristics as us. The human condition is sometimes fragile, easily manipulated, or clouded by false information and judgments leading us to act in terrible ways. But in some cases it is possible to see how the offender came to be or act in that way. Griswold does, to some extent, endorse this view in his conditional forgive ness for the deceased. He suggests by constructing a narrative about the offender, it is possible to find an indication why they have committed the offence (Griswold, 2007, p.121). In the example of the University shootings, it was soon discovered that the student had several mental disorders which triggered him to act irrationally and violently. Although his actions should not be condoned, based on the presence of a mental disorder, it does somehow allow us to understand the killer, and alleviate some of the anger and resentment we have towards him. If we somehow put ourselves in his shoes, perhaps we can relate to his sorrow, misery and anger towards the world. We all have the capacity to morally wrong someone, and if circumstances were different we too would be in need of forgiveness. (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, 11) I do not deny the fact the killer was deceased played an important part in the community ¿Ã‚ ½s ability to forgive unconditionally. Had the killer been alive, I doubt they would have given their forgiveness so readily without his repentance. Nonetheless, unconditional forgiveness has allowed them to relieve hostile feelings, reconcile their trust in man-kind, maintain self-respect and ensure the moral significance of the action was maintained. If we take forgiveness to be a process which the injured party must go through in order to overcome negative emotions, then unconditional forgiveness has the ability to do so. To recall Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument, condoning the crimes of the unrepentant would demonstrate to others they are not accountable for their actions. By forswearing revenge and committing to let go of resentment, the Pennsylvanian community hardly demonstrated to others that by committing such crimes you will not be held responsible. They do not condone his actions and never will. If the killer were alive they would have demanded justice. Letting go of your anger does not let the offender off the moral hook. Thus, I have shown unconditional forgiveness does not necessarily collapse into condemnation. I shall note that Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s approach to the topic is secular. Although he focuses on secular forgiveness he does not deny the widespread role of forgiveness in Christian and Judaic narrative. For people who are religious, the process of forgiveness can be easier and less complicated as their religion requires they be forgiving no matter what. Religious forgiveness about believes, having faith in God, yourself and man-kind. It is difficult to interpret whether God ¿Ã‚ ½s forgiveness is conditional or unconditional as this view differs amongst spectators. I do however argue that whether forgiveness is conditional or unconditional, forgiveness is always good and admirable. The benefits one gains from forgiving are more important than the process one goes through in order to get to the desired end. Whether or not forgiveness should be conditional ultimately lies with the decision of the injured person. Both conditional forgiveness and unconditional forgiveness have benefits which help re-establish a relationship harmed by someone ¿Ã‚ ½s wrongdoing. However, I do support Professor Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument that when the offender is alive, and unrepentant, he is not worthy of your forgiveness. But, this does not mean that forgiveness should not be granted, if in doing so, allows you to let go of the psychological hatred which consumes you. Unconditional forgiveness certainly has the same benefits of reciprocal conditional forgiveness. It does however seem a common type of forgiveness given more readily when the perpetrator is deceased. Enmity and abomination are far worse than human solidarity and peacefulness. Generally speaking, if the offender is alive, forgiveness should be conditional on the offenders repentance otherwise it is possible the moral significance of the victi m and moral importance of the event is understated. If however, the perpetrator is deceased Professor Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument no longer suffices. Everyone has their own reasons to forgive but if forgiveness is to be truly fulfilled and satisfied, the offender should, at the very minimum, take responsibility for their actions and try to repudiate their wrongdoing.